Topology optimization of flexoelectric composites using computational homogenization

We present a topology optimization framework to design periodic composites comprised of piezoelectric constituents that exhibit large flexoelectric constants. The novelty the approach is it leverages representative volume element (RVE)-based computational homogenization enables analysis where characteristic dimensions microstructure are significantly smaller than those structure, and as such requires only single RVE rather entire structure. utilize this analyze enhancement in constants can be achieved different types PZT-based composites, including hard–hard (PZT–PZT), hard–soft (PZT–polymer composite, porous PZT) structures. In all cases, significant enhancements observed, with improvements between 2 15 times naive guess, some designs reaching factor one order magnitude larger BTO. identify mechanisms governing enhanced electromechanical couplings, which arise either from an effective piezoelectricity for PZT–PZT or more subtle interplay involving dielectric properties coupled reduction mechanical compliance PZT–polymer PZT RVEs.